This report presents the key findings and takeaways of the landmark judgment rendered by the European Court of Human Rights in the inter-State case of Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia. This judgment addresses Russia's responsibility for a wide range of human rights violations arising from the conflict in eastern Ukraine since 2014, as well as from Russia's military operations in Ukraine beginning in February 2022, including the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over Eastern Ukraine in 2014.

This report focuses on the Court’s approach and findings in relation to four topics of particular interest to the mandate and activities of Eurojust, namely:

• approach to different categories of evidence, including open-source evidence;
• the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law;
• the Russian investigation into the downing of flight MH17 and its cooperation with the JIT; and
• the suffering of the relatives of flight MH17 victims caused by the conduct of the Russian authorities.

Taking a practical approach, the report then proposes key takeaways for each of these four topics, along with some conclusions on the concrete impact the Court’s findings may have both for the work of judicial practitioners and of Eurojust.