This paper provides a comparative overview of the way in which EU Member States, Genocide Network Observer States and Ukraine have implemented the crime of aggression in their domestic laws. How is the crime of aggression defined in national criminal codes? Have the majority of states adopted the...

This report outlines the most prominent cases in which the European Court of Human Rights evalu­ated the application of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Article 7 provides that ‘no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which...

The Digital Services Act (“DSA”) is a European Union (“EU”) law that brings updated and harmonised rules for providers of digital services. As regards access to electronic evidence, especially in a cross-border context, the DSA (Article 10) importantly harmonises rules on disclosure orders addressed...

The Second Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention) on enhanced cooperation and disclosure of electronic evidence (Protocol) aims to enhance cooperation among the Parties, as well as between the Parties and service providers and other entities, for...

The Second Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention) on enhanced cooperation and disclosure of electronic evidence (Protocol) aims to enhance cooperation among the Parties, as well as between the Parties and service providers and other entities, for...

This is the eighth issue of the Cybercrime Judicial Monitor (CJM), published yearly, and distributed to judicial and law enforcement authorities active in the field of combating cybercrime and cyber-enabled crime. The first section covers legislative developments in the area of cybercrime, cyber...

An increasing number of investigations and prosecutions for core international crimes cases in the EU are based on universal jurisdiction. This factsheet explains what universal (or extraterritorial) jurisdiction is, and how it serves as a powerful tool of last resort in the fight against impunity...

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022, is the most documented armed conflict in the history of humankind. It has triggered an unprecedented response from the international judicial community, with Ukraine-related investigations ongoing in over 20 countries at the time of...

This timeline outlines key milestones in Eurojust’s support for the joint investigation team (JIT) into alleged core international crimes committed in Ukraine.